20161101 vector digital data The concepts of land use and land cover convey information about a landscape. Although land use and land cover are different concepts, the terms have become intermingled and often used interchangeably in GIScience, resulting in a simplified one-to-one relationship that can be visualized using univariate mapping techniques. This research posits that the relationships between land use and land cover are complex, many-to-many relationships, and can be represented bivariately. Land cover is determined by the direct observation of the earth's surface, resulting in categories such as forest, wetland, and development. Land use by contrast is a socio-economic interpretation of the activities that take place on that surface, with categories such as residential, commercial, and agriculture. Complications arise when these categories overlap. For example, a forested area can be used for recreation, grazing, or timber production. A residential area can be located within a forest, a grazing plain, or a developed area. A bivariate representation can be useful in conveying these overlapping categories. The research described in this article demonstres complex interactions between land use and land cover in Florida. Land use data were obtained from the 2014 Florida Department of Revenue database, and land cover data from the 2010 National Land Cover database. The resulting geovisualization consists of three parts: 1. A bivariate map using color theory and symbology based on Gestalt principles to represent and differentiate the two data sources; and 2. A two-dimensional statistical legend to inform the data combinations and data distributions; and 3. Visual analytics using Sankey (flow) diagrams to show the relationships and frequencies of categorical data interactions. This combination of visuals advances cartography and GIScience and gives new perspectives to the many-to-many relationships between land use and land cover. Land use and land cover are related but distinct concepts. Land cover is determined by direct observation of the earth’s surface, whereas land use is the socioeconomic activity that occurs on the land. Land cover can include grass, asphalt, water, bare ground, etc. Land use describes how people utilize the land and includes categories such as residential, commercial, sports areas, etc. Complex many-to-many relationships result. For example, grass land cover can occur in many land uses: residential, pasture, sports areas, etc. Similarly, residential land use can include a variety of land covers such as trees, grass, and asphalt (Fisher and Comber 2005 and others). Remote sensing technology of the 1970s provided the means to identify land cover through collection of timely and accurate data to complement ground survey and observation. The USGS (Anderson 1972 and others) developed a new land use and land cover classification system in response to the new data accessibility and the need for federal and state agencies to have a uniform national classification system (Anderson 1972 and others). This classification was consistent nationally, yet was flexible enough for regional adaptation. The cartographic result of the new classification system represented land use and land cover univariately. Although the national classification system developed by USGS has been widely adapted and expanded, concerns have been raised about combining the two datasets. Critics cite lack of clarity between land use and land cover. Nor does the classification system always meet the needs of users. For example, planners are interested in land use whereas environmentalists are more concerned with land cover (Fisher and Comber 2005). In Florida in 1985 the Department of Transportation (DOT) revised its original land use and land cover classification system in accord with the USGS system (Anderson and others 1976). The result was the Florida Land Use, Cover and Forms Classification System (FLUCCS). The system was not design to explore the relationships between land use and land cover across the state but instead to meet specific user requests from other state agencies, local governments, and private enterprise. This ambitious system was revised in 1999 to include additional wetland classes as well as more sophisticated form of aerial photography, Landsat Mult-Spectral Scanner (MSS) data and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). By 1999, most image data from remotely sensed images and all non –image data were stored in a Geographic Information System (GIS). In 2019, the statewide land use/land cover system is no longer maintained by DOT. It is compiled by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) from maps created by each of the state’s five water management districts. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission and the Florida Natural Areas Inventory also produce habitat, natural community, and land cover maps specific to their needs. The research presented here is a visualization exercise for the purpose of quickly assessing general land use and land cover at a uniform scale. The bivariate mapping and visual analytics described here can be used to gain an understanding of other co-occurring variables. In no way is this work intended to replace any other mapping methods developed by state agencies. None planned -88.054476 -79.964997 31.635194 24.400580 None land use land cover cadastral bivariate U.S. National Grid None Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. No warranty provided. To cite this data: FREAC (2016). Land use or land cover? Visualizing Florida's Complex Landscape [GIS Shapefile]. Tallahassee: Florida Resources and Environmental Analysis Center, Florida State University. Florida Resources and Environmental Analysis Center (FREAC), Florida State University Georgianna Strode GIS Researcher & Analyst Georgianna Strode, Marjorie Jerez, Tyler McAlear, Benjamin Thornton. Florida Resources and Environmental Analysis Center (FREAC), Florida State University. Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.2.2.3552 Vector GT-polygon composed of chains 363506 8.983152841195215e-009 8.983152841195215e-009 Decimal Degrees D WGS 1984 WGS 1984 6378137.0 298.257223563 Florida Land Use and Land Cover OBJECTID_1 Internal feature number. Esri Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape Feature geometry. Esri Coordinates defining the features. OBJECTID LABEL This is the main part of the USNG identifier for a 1-kilometer scale. The first 3 characters of the label, the Grid Zone Designator (GZD), has been omitted as it is not needed at this scale. For grids located in UTM Zone 16, the GZD is "16R" and it is "17R" for grids in UTM zone 17. The Label field is unique within zones 16 and 17. http://usngcenter.org/; https://www.fgdc.gov/usng/how-to-read-usng/index_html Shape_Leng TOTAL_AREA The total cadastral land area for the grid cell. This number will vary between cells because the grid cell are based on US National Grid (USNG). https://www.fgdc.gov/usng/how-to-read-usng/index_html HHI The HHI is used in the field of economic as a measure of industry concentration for rating market competitiveness -- a range from competitive to monopoly based on the number of firms and their respective shares of production. HHI is increasingly being used to quantify land use as it can similarly reflect the degree of "competition" and "monopoly" regarding land use type. A low value indicates competition (or mixed land use) and values closer to 1 indicate monopoly. A value of 1 indicates a single land use. A small index indicates competition and values closer to 1 indicate a monopoly. <.01 = highly competitive; < .15 = unconcentrated; < .25 = moderate concentration; > .25 = high concentration. Note that this calculation is made over a 1-km area. It is not known how this value changes over a larger geographic area https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herfindahl_index . 011 PRIMARY_US The most prevalent land use in the grid cell. 1 = Residential 2 = Commercial 3 = Industrial 4 = Agricultural 10 = Other Note that category 10 is a constructed category and does not appear in the original FDOR documentation. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. RESIDENTIA Total land area zoned Residential according to DOR Land Use codes 000 - 009 Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. 20140101 20141231 011 COMMERCIAL Total land area zoned commercial according to DOR Land Use codes 010 - 039. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. INDUSTRIAL Total land area zoned Industrial according to DOR Land Use codes 040 - 049. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. AGRICULTUR Total land area zoned Agricultural according to DOR Land Use codes 050 - 069. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. INSTITUTIO Total land area zoned Institutional according to DOR Land Use codes 070 - 079. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. 20140101 20141231 011 GOVERNMENT Total land area zoned Commercial according to DOR Land Use codes 080 - 089. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. 011 MISC Total land area zoned Miscellaneous, Centrally Assessed, or Non-Agricultural Acreage according to DOR Land Use codes 090 - 099. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. 20140101 20141231 011 SECOND_USE This is the most prevalent type of land use of the primary land use category. 5 = Agricultural ; 6 = Agricultural; 7 = Institutional; 11 = Residential Single Family; 12 = Residential Multi-Family; 21 = Commercial - Professional ; 22 = Commercial - Trade; 23 = Commercial - Open Lot; 24 = Commercial - Lodging; 25 = Commercial - Recreation; 26 = Commercial - Repair; 27 = Commercial - Convenience; 31 = Industrial - Manufacturing; 32 = Industrial - Mining; 33 = Industrial - Vacant; 41 = Agricultural - Cropland; 42 = Agricultural - Timberland; 43 = Agricultural - Grazing Land; 44 = Agricultural - Commodity; 5 = Other, Institutional; 6 = Other, Government; 7 = Other, Miscellaneous 1; 8 = Other, Miscellaneous 2; 9 = Other, Miscellaneous 3; Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. Secondary commercial codes were taken from: http://www.qcode.us/codes/yucaipa/view.php?topic=development_code-4-2-84_0230 R_SINGLE Total land area zoned Residential Single Family according to DOR Land Use codes 000 - 002. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. R_MULTI Total land area zoned Residential Multi-Family according to DOR Land Use codes 003 - 009. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. A_CROP Total land area zoned Agricultural Cropland according to DOR Land Use codes 050 - 053. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. A_TIMBER Total land area zoned Agricultural Timber according to DOR Land Use codes 054 - 059. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. A_GRAZING Total land area zoned Agriculture Grazing according to DOR Land Use codes 060 - 065. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. A_COMMODIT Total land area zoned Agriculture Grazing according to DOR Land Use codes 066 - 069. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. C_PROF Total land area zoned Commercial Professional according to DOR Land Use codes 017 - 019 or 023 or 024. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. C_TRADE Total land area zoned Commercial Trade according to DOR Land Use codes 010 - 016 or 020 - 022 or 029 - 030. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. C_OPENLOT Total land area zoned Commercial Open Lot according to DOR Land Use codes 020 or 028. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. C_LODGING Total land area zoned Commercial Lodging according to DOR Land Use code 039. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. C_RECREATI Total land area zoned Commercial Recreation according to DOR Land Use codes 031 - 038. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. C_REPAIR Total land area zoned Commercial Repair according to DOR Land Use codes 025 or 027. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. C_CONVENIE Total land area zoned Commercial Convenience according to DOR Land Use code 026. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. I_MANUFACT Total land area zoned Industrial Manufacturing according to DOR Land Use codes 041 - 046. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. I_MINING Total land area zoned Industrial Mining according to DOR Land Use code 047. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. I_VACANT Total land area zoned Industrial Vacant according to DOR Land Use code 040. Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. primary_ex This field is a new Primary Use category to generalize categories considered Miscellaneous. 1 = Residential; 2 = Commercial; 3 = Industrial; 4 = Agriculture; 5 = Institutional; 6 = Government; 7 = Miscellaneous. Example: a grid can have a Primary Use of 10 (Other) and a Secondary Use of 4 Production Guide and Data Record Layout, Florida Department of Revenue Property Tax Oversight, March 2014. GRID100K GRID10K GRID1000M DESCRIPT FGDLAQDATE AUTOID FID_allcou ID GRIDCODE Class LC_1 The land cover class/value in numeric form. 1 = Water; 2 = Developed; 3 = Barren: 4 = Forest; 5 = Shrubland; 7 = Herbaceous; 8 = Planted/Cultivated; 9 = Wetlands. http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php LC_2 The land cover class/value in numeric form. Water: 11 = Open Water; 12 = Perennial Ice/Snow. Developed: 21 = Developed, Open Space; 22 = Developed, Low Intensity; 23 = Developed, Medium Intensity; 24 = Developed, High Intensity. Barren: 31 = Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay). Forest: 41 = Deciduous Forest; 42 = Evergreen Forest; 43 = Mixed Forest. Shrubland: 51 = Dwarf Scrub (Alaska only); 52 = Shrub/Scrub. Herbaceous: 71 = Grassland/Herbaceous; 72 = Sedge/Herbaceous; 73 = Liches (Alaska only); 74 = Moss (Alaska only). Planted/Cultivated: 81 = Pasture/Hay; 82 = Cultivated Crops. Wetlands: 90 = Woody Wetlands; 95 = Emergenct Herbaceous Wetlands. http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php LC_3 This field was created to reduce the number of vegetation categories for a simpler map. A new category called "Vegetation" was created and most vegetative categories were added to this. county1 This field contains a numeric Florida FIPS code representing a county that this grid cell overlaps. Grid cells can overlap multiple counties. Therefore, there are seven county fields to accomodate many counties. To ensure that a county is fully represented, SQL statements should be designed as follows: [[... WHERE county1 = xxx OR county2 = xxx OR county3 = xxx OR county4 = xxx OR county5 = xxx OR county6 = xxx OR county7 = xxx ]] where xxx = Florida county FIPS code. Note that summations made at the county level could result in higher numbers due to cells at county borders including data from a neighboring county. Florida County FIPS Codes county2 FIPS code to indicate county Refer to County 1 for more information. county3 FIPS code to indicate county Refer to County 1 for more information. county4 FIPS code to indicate county Refer to County 1 for more information. county5 FIPS code to indicate county Refer to County 1 for more information. county6 FIPS code to indicate county Refer to County 1 for more information. county7 FIPS code to indicate county Refer to County 1 for more information. Shape_Length Length of feature in internal units. Esri Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Shape_Area Area of feature in internal units squared. Esri Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. 20161104 FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time